ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔ ꯖꯦꯐ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯗꯤꯀꯤꯟꯁꯟ

ꯃꯔꯝꯗ

ꯑꯩꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯈꯠꯂꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯁꯦꯟꯃꯤꯠꯂꯣꯟ ꯆꯥꯎꯈꯠꯄ, ꯂꯧꯎ-ꯁꯤꯡꯎ, ꯅꯨꯄꯤ-ꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯟꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯑꯩꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯡ, ꯐꯥꯔ꯭ꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯅꯩꯅꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯛꯇꯛꯅꯅ ꯌꯨꯝꯊꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯚꯦꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯗꯦꯇꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ, ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯗꯦꯇꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯋꯥꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯈꯣꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕꯗ ꯑꯋꯥꯕ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ꯫ ꯑꯩꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯖꯦꯅꯦꯚꯥꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯖꯨꯑꯦꯠ ꯏꯟꯁꯇꯤꯇ꯭ꯌꯨꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯑꯍꯗꯤ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ IFPRI, ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯑꯦꯐ., ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯔꯜ꯭ꯗ ꯕꯦꯡꯛꯇ ꯁꯔꯚꯦꯒꯤ ꯗꯦꯇꯥꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ꯫

ꯑꯩꯍꯥꯛꯅ Dollar Scholarsꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗ ꯐꯪꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯄꯨꯡꯐꯥꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ-ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯗ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ-ꯊꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯇꯝꯕꯤꯕ ꯐꯥꯎꯟꯗꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯩꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯦꯕꯁꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯣꯟ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯀ꯭ꯋꯤꯖꯁꯨ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ꯫

ꯁꯦꯟꯃꯤꯠꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ, ꯑꯩꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯲꯰꯰꯴ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯲꯰꯱꯱ꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯁꯤꯑꯣꯜꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯣꯟꯖꯥ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯇꯔ-ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯔꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ III ꯇꯨꯔꯅꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯧꯗꯨꯅ, ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯐꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯏꯁ꯭ꯄꯣꯔꯠꯁꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯉꯥꯡꯂꯣꯏ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯇꯔꯦꯠ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ꯫ ꯑꯩ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯁꯨ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯇꯔ-ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯛ ꯲ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯚꯔꯋꯥꯆ ꯲ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯚꯔꯀ꯭ꯋꯦꯁꯠꯇ ꯕꯥꯔ꯭ꯗ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯔꯦꯗ ꯇꯧꯔꯤ꯫

ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕ

ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯆꯦ

Spreading the love around: how does agricultural labor demand respond to temporary weather shocks?

Across six countries, farm households lean heavily on family labor during droughts and unusually wet periods. Women-headed households are significantly more constrained.
Abstract

This is the first study to separately identify labor demand responses to both unanticipated droughts and periods of above normal rainfall for three forms of agricultural labor that are central to agricultural production: family, hired, and mutual exchange labor. I use a simple parcel‑level model with three labor types and monitoring costs to study how family labor is reallocated across parcels during drought. In six countries I find small but statistically significant decreases in the share of hired labor during droughts and during periods of above-normal rainfall, indicating a strong reliance on family labor during shocks. I find that farm households appear to lean heavily on exchange labor by using exchange labor more frequently during periods of above-normal rainfall. Due to the heavy reliance on family labor, household size and the gender of the household head are important moderating factors. Women-headed households appear to be significantly more constrained in how they apply labor on family farms. My findings underscore that these labor types are distinct in how they respond to temporary weather shocks. The results of my analysis have important implications for policies targeted at stimulating agricultural labor markets.
- ꯂꯧꯎ-ꯁꯤꯡꯎ
- ꯂꯦꯕꯔ
- ꯑꯌꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯛ-ꯑꯄꯟ
- ꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯅꯨꯄꯥ
ꯊꯕꯛ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤ

Assessing land area from above: evidence from Armenia

ꯋꯤꯊ Sydney Gourlay (ꯋꯥꯔꯜ꯭ꯗ ꯕꯦꯡꯛ)

ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯚꯦ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯊꯪ ꯃꯅꯥꯎ ꯅꯥꯏꯗꯅ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯇꯧꯕ: ꯁꯦꯇꯦꯂꯥꯏꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯂꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯤꯕꯗ ꯖꯤ.ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯅ ꯑꯣꯟꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯗ ꯴꯲% ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯆꯪꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯥꯅ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯝꯖꯕ ꯆꯧꯔꯥꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯐꯒꯠꯂꯛꯈꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯖꯤ.ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯇꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯆꯞ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ꯫
Abstract

Using primary data collected by the World Bank in Armenia as part of a randomized controlled trial, we evaluate the use of a satellite image tracing to measure agricultural land in the context of a household survey. Satellite tracing offers several benefits, including a large reduction in the cost of measuring land, the potential to measure more parcels of land, and improved security for survey enumerators. We find the satellite tracing approach yields consistent results, and requires 42% less time than measuring with GPS, and provides value-added over self-reported estimates. Due to the potential cost savings, and other non-trivial benefits, we suggest that land measurement via satellite image tracing offers significant value, though is not as accurate as land area estimates conducted with a handheld GPS.
- ꯁꯔꯚꯦꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩꯁꯤꯡ
- ꯁꯦꯇꯦꯂꯥꯏꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡ
- RCT

ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯁꯤ.ꯚꯤ.